Unit 10
Vocabulary
extinction
灭绝（一种动物再也没有了，就叫 extinction）
Pandas were once near extinction.
We should protect animals from extinction.
verge
边缘（快要到某个状态的边边上了）
He is on the verge of tears.
The dog is on the verge of jumping.
dwindling
逐渐减少（东西越来越少，就叫 dwindling）
The water supply is dwindling.
His money is dwindling fast.
devastation
毁灭、严重破坏
The storm caused devastation.
The fire led to devastation.
hostage
人质（被坏人抓住，用来威胁别人的人）
The man was taken hostage.
They held her hostage for three days.
pawn
棋子；被别人利用的人（就像棋盘上的小兵，被别人控制）
The pawn moves one step forward.
He was just a pawn in their game.
victim
受害者
The victim was hurt in the accident.
She helped the flood victims.
thud
沉重的"砰"一声（重物落地的声音）
The book fell with a thud.
He hit the ground with a thud.
crash
撞击声、哗啦一声（玻璃、盘子、车撞上时的大声音）
The glass fell with a crash.
The car made a loud crash.
bang
砰的一声（门被大力关上，或者东西爆开时的声音）
The door closed with a bang.
I heard a loud bang outside.
sputter
噼啪作响；断断续续地说
The old car began to sputter.
He sputtered when he was nervous.
identify
认出、确认
I can identify him from the crowd.
She identified the dog as hers.
courteous
有礼貌的（对人说话、做事都很客气）
He is courteous to everyone.
Be courteous in class.
reflection
倒影、映像（你在镜子里看到的自己，就是 reflection）
I see my reflection in the mirror.
The lake shows a beautiful reflection.
refraction
折射（筷子放进水里看起来弯了，就是光的折射）
Light changes direction by refraction.
Water causes refraction.
summit
山顶（爬山爬到最高的地方）
They reached the summit after ten hours.
The summit is covered in snow.
ripples
水波纹（石头丢进水里，一圈圈的小波纹）
The stone made ripples in the pond.
I saw ripples spreading across the water.
enthralled
被深深吸引、着迷的（看到一个东西太有趣了，眼睛都离不开）
The children were enthralled by the magic show.
I was enthralled by the story.
engrossed
专心的、全神贯注的（特别专心，像看书看到忘记周围一样）
He is engrossed in a book.
She was engrossed in her homework.
pungent
气味刺鼻的
The onion has a pungent smell.
The cheese is very pungent.
ravine
山沟、深谷（两边很陡、中间很深的山中裂缝）
The river runs through the ravine.
The boy looked into the ravine.
intact
完整的、没有损坏的（没坏、没破，还是好好的）
The box is still intact.
The house remained intact after the storm.
Phrases
on the verge of
快要……
on the verge of + 名词/动词ing
He is on the verge of winning the race.
hold someone hostage
把某人当人质
The hijackers held the passengers hostage.
go on a spree
疯狂做某事（停不下来）
go on a shopping/spending spree
She went on a shopping spree and spent too much.
like a cat on hot stones
非常紧张、坐立不安
He was like a cat on hot stones before the exam.
Grammar
remain / stay intact
remain/stay + 形容词
remain 和 stay 后面接形容词，表示"保持某种状态"
The toy stayed intact after the fall.
Easily Confused
enthralled
engrossed
被深深吸引，带有兴奋感，常是看表演、听故事
安静地专心，常是看书、做作业
The children were enthralled by the magic show.
He is engrossed in a book.
reflection
refraction
倒影、反射，比如镜子里看到自己
折射，比如筷子放在水里看起来弯了
I see my reflection in the mirror.
Water causes refraction of light.
thud
crash
重物落地的沉闷"砰"，声音低沉
玻璃、盘子、车撞击时的大声音，清脆响亮
The heavy box fell with a thud.
The glass fell with a crash.
crash
bang
碰撞或破碎的大声响，有东西损坏的感觉
突然很响的爆炸性"砰"，如门被大力关上
The car made a loud crash.
The door closed with a bang.
pawn
victim
被别人当棋子利用的人
受到伤害的受害者
He was just a pawn in their plan.
The victim was taken to hospital.